Social networks for ecosystem management : a case study of
نویسندگان
چکیده
1. Introduction Ecosystem management requires multi-layered governance systems that can match social and ecological structures and processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales (Folke et al. 1998b, Berkes et al. 2003). It also requires flexible, learning-based management systems that can deal with the change and uncertainty inherent in social-ecological systems. Certain institutional structures can impede and stifle self-organization processes including local initiatives and commitment that otherwise contribute to the diversity of ideas and solutions to environmental problems (Berkes 2002, Bawden 1994). On the other hand, multi-layered or polycentric governance structures can nurture diversity for self-organization. Ostrom (1998) argues that simple, large-scale, centralized governance units do not, and cannot, have the variety of response capabilities that complex, polycentric, multi-layered governance systems can have. Ostrom (1998) has suggested that polycentric, multi-layered systems of governance that are efficiently linked across scales increase the complexity of those systems and therefore the variety of possible responses to change. An advantage of polycentric arrangement in this context according to Imperial (1999) is that it provides " institutionally rich environment [that] improves the prospects of resolving complex problems. It can encourage innovation and experimentation by allowing individuals and organizations to explore different ideas about solving problems". Instead of ready-to-use plans for ecosystem management superimposed on local contexts, the role of central authorities could be to form legislation to enable self-organization processes, provide funding, and create arenas for collaborative learning. Such arrangements, that " frame " creativity, have the potential to create a variety of feedback loops at different scales and contribute to scale matching of social-ecological dynamics. The ability to self-organize seems to be an important characteristic for building resilience in social-ecological systems (Berkes et al. 2003, Gunderson and Holling 2002, Carpenter et al. 2001). An opportunity to self-organize can materialize
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تاریخ انتشار 2004